recurrent hemorrhoids-efficacy, utility and initial experience with the use of stapled hemorrhoidopexy in recurrent hemorrhoids

Overview: Hemorrhoidal disease (HD) is a common surgical disorder. The treatment modalities can be surgical or nonsurgical. Every surgical option has its own indications and limitations. Postsurgical symptomatic recurrence rates are low and vary between different techniques. The ideal way to deal with recurrent HD is not clear. Material and Methods: The present prospective case series enrolled a total of 87 patients (54male/33 female). Thirteen out of 87 patients (15%) had history of previous intervention for HD. Amodification of the standard technique was adopted for patients with recurrent HD. A mean follow-up of 22 months was achieved. Results: Stapled hemorrhoidectomy (SD)was performedin13patientswho had historyof previous surgical intervention for HD. There were no adverse events related to the technique. Patients with recurrent HD had severe pain scores with SH as compared to patients who underwent SH at the first time. There were no wound related complications. Conclusion: Stapled hemorrhoidectomy can be performed easily and offers good results in patients with recurrent HD. (AU)

Selective hemorrhoidal dearterialization with high mucopexy in the surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease

The doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization technique associated with mucopexy is a noninvasive surgical option used to treat hemorrhoidal disease (HD). Objective: To compare and analyze the results using a variation of the doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization technique with the technique of selective hemorrhoidal dearterialization with high mucopexy in the treatment of HD. Method: A total of 292 patients who underwent surgical treatment for grade II, III and IV HD from March 2012 to December 2017 were studied. From this total, 110 (37.6%) patients underwent a conventional doppler-guided transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization with mucopexy (CD), and 182 (62.3%) underwent selective hemorrhoidal dearterialization with highmucopexy (SHeLF). In the group of patients undergoing CD, 4 patients (3.64%) had grade II HD, 82 (74.55%) grade III, and 24 (21.82%) grade IV. In the group submitted to SHeLF, 18 (9.89%) patients had grade II HD, 86 (47.25%) had grade III, and 65 (35.71%) had grade IV. The same surgeon operated all patients under spinal anesthesia. In patients undergoing CD, six arterial branches have been dearterialized, while in patients undergoing SHeLF, the hemorrhoidary nipples submitted to a dearterialization were selected (from 1 to 5) by intraoperative evaluation followed by high rectal mucopexy. In the postoperative period, the following parameters were evaluated: pain, tenesmus, bleeding, and recurrence. Moderate results to severe pain was a postoperative complaint reported by 13 (11.82%) patients undergoing CD, and by 19 (10.44%) undergoing SHeLF. Intense tenesmus was reported by 26 (23.64%) patients undergoing CD and by 7 (3.85%) undergoing SHeLF. Three patients (2.73%) undergoing CD and 1 (0.55%) undergoing SHeLF evolved with postoperative bleeding. One patient (0.55%) in the group undergoing CD required surgical review of hemostasis. Six patients (5.45%) who underwent CD and 8 (4.39%) who underwent SHeLF were reoperated due to disease recurrence. Conclusion: Comparing statistics, patients undergoing the SHeLF technique have less postoperative pain, tenesmus and postoperative bleeding when compared with CD. (AU)

Clinical efficacy of medicinal leech therapy in treating third- and fourth-degree hemorrhoids / Eficácia clínica da hirudoterapia no tratamento de hemorroidas de terceiro e quarto graus

Abstract Objectives Hemorrhoids are characterized by bleeding, mucous discharge, itching, pain, and prolapse. This condition is known as bawaseer in Unani medicine, and Hirudinaria granulosa has been used for its treatment in Irsal-e Alaq, or medicinal leech therapy (MLT), for centuries. Hirudinaria granulosa with antithrombotic and antiinflammatory action is used in the treatment of chronic venous disease and hemorrhoids. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of MLT in third and fourth-degree hemorrhoids. Methods A single-centre prospective, clinical trial with a pre and postanalysis design was conducted at the hospital of the National Institute of UnaniMedicine. Twenty male and female patients, with a mean age of 38 years, presenting moderate symptoms assessed with the colorectal evaluation of clinical therapeutics scale (CORECTS) questionnaire were included in the study. Hirudinaria granulosa were applied around the pile mass for 15 minutes weekly, for 4 weeks. The efficacy of the treatment was measured by an objective and subjective assessment using the CORECTS. Results When analyzed by the clinician, MLT reduced the symptoms' severity score in the following domains: pain (55% improvement; p < 0.001); anorectal itching (30% improvement; p < 0.10); and bleeding (10% improvement; p < 0.7963). Significant improvement (p < 0.001) was reported in the CORECTS score in relation to pain (44.09% improvement; p < 0.001), itching (38.55% improvement; p < 0.001), swelling (44% improvement; p < 0.001), bleeding (17.28% improvement; p < 0.007), discomfort (34.01% improvement; p < 0.001), and wellbeing (32.35 % improvement; p < 0.001), giving an average overall opinion on the therapy of 4/10. Conclusion The results of the study albeit smaller in sample size show that MLT is an effective and safe therapeutic option in reducing the symptoms of 3rd and 4th degree haemorrhoids.

Resumo Objetivos As hemorroidas são caracterizadas por sangramento, secreção mucosa, prurido, dor e prolapso. Esta condição é conhecida como bawaseer namedicina Unani, e a Hirudinaria granulosa tem sido usada para seu tratamento na Irsal-e Alaq, ou hirudoterapia, há séculos. A H. granulosa, devido à sua ação antitrombótica e antiinflamatória, é utilizada no tratamento de doenças venosas crônicas e hemorroidas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a eficácia da hirudoterapia em hemorroidas de terceiro e quarto graus. Métodos Este ensaio clínico prospectivo e unicêntrico com delineamento pré e pósanálise foi conduzido no hospital do National Institute of Unani Medicine. Foram incluídos no estudo 20 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 38 anos, que apresentavam sintomas moderados avaliados pelo questionário colorectal evaluation of clinical therapeutics scale (CORECTS). Espécimes de H. granulosa foram aplicadas em volta da área afetada por um período de 15 minutos semanais, durante 4 semanas. A eficácia do tratamento foi medida por uma avaliação objetiva e subjetiva usando o questionário CORECTS. Resultados Quando analisada pelo clínico, a hirudoterapia reduziu o escore de gravidade dos sintomas nos seguintes domínios: dor (55% de melhora; p < 0,001); prurido anorretal (melhora de 30%; p < 0,10); e sangramento (melhora de 10%; p < 0,7963). Melhora significativa (p < 0,001) foi relatada no escore CORECTS em relação à dor (44,09% de melhora; p < 0,001), prurido (38,55% de melhora; p < 0,001), inchaço (44% de melhora; p < 0,001), sangramento (17,28 % de melhora; p < 0,007), desconforto (34,01% de melhora; p < 0,001) e bem-estar (32,35% de melhora; p < 0,001), o que resultou em uma opinião geral média sobre a terapia de 4/10. Conclusão Os resultados do estudo, embora com tamanho de amostra pequeno, mostram que a hirudoterapia é uma opção terapêutica eficaz e segura na redução dos sintomas de hemorroidas de terceiro e quarto graus.

Macroligaduras hemorroidales. Tratamiento ideal del prolapso hemorroidario. Seguimiento a 5 años / Hemorrhoidal macro rubber band ligations. Ideal treatment of hemorrhoidal prolapse. Follow-up at 5 years

Introducción: Entre los tratamientos alternativos de las hemorroides se destaca por ser costo-eficientes las ligaduras elásticas convencionales. Las macroligaduras elásticas se hayan en difusión por similares resultados que las bandas elasticas convencionales. La literatura es aun escasa. El objetivo fue analizar los resultados, morbilidad y recidiva a corto y mediano plazo de hemorroides tratadas con macroligaduras. Diseño: Estudio observacional analítico prospectivo. Pacientes: 188 pacientes (110 varones y 78 mujeres). Periodo: 2011-2014. Lugar: Institución privada universitaria. Métodos: Inclusión: pacientes tratados con hemorroides internas sintomáticas. Exclusión: enfermedad anoperineal asociada, tratamiento previo, inmunocompromiso o anticoagulación. Se registraron resultados, complicaciones y recidiva. La técnica empleada fue la descripta por Reis Neto. El Seguimiento fue a 10, 30 días y 6 y 12 meses y 5 años. Resultados: Todos fueron tratados con internación de corta estadía. La edad fue 49,5 años (23-76). Los síntomas fueron prolapso 96, sangrado 44 y ambos 48. Se realizó sólo una sesión en 178 casos (94,6%). Se trataron 2 paquetes en 122 y 3 en 66. El dolor moderado fue en 5 casos y prolongado en 2. El sangrado leve y tenesmo se presentó en la mayoría de los pacientes, pero desapareció en la primera semana. Se registró sangrado inmediato moderado en 5% sin sangrado severo inmediato. Otras complicaciones inmediatas: 2 trombosis y 3 congestión/edema local. En 1 paciente ocurrió un sangrado que requirió de internación sin necesidad de cirugía en forma alejada. Sólo en 3 casos se realizó resección local de plicomas previos. En 139 casos se realizó como único procedimiento. La recidiva fue 6 casos. (2 al primer año y 4 a los 5 años), 5 se trataron con nueva macroligadura y 1 con cirugía. No se registró ninguna complicacion severa, infecciosa o única relacionada al procedimiento. El seguimiento a 1 año fue del 100% y a 5 años del 96%. Discusión y conclusiones: El tratamiento con macroligaduras para el prolapso hemorroidario presentó con baja morbilidad sin complicaciones severas. Los resultados son reproducibles entre diferentes autores. Son el tratamiento ideal para las hemorroides grado III con poco componente externo. (AU)

Introduction: Alternative therapies for internal hemorrhoid plexus are several procedures with specific indications for each grade of hemorrhoid. Due to some major advantages, rubber band ligation has become probably in the most popular between colorectal surgeons. The high-macro rubber band ligation appears to be as the first choice but literature is few. Objective: To analyze results, morbidity and recurrence of internal hemorrhoid disease treated with high-macro rubber band ligation. Design: Observational non-randomized prospective analysis. Patients: 188 patients (110 male). Period: 2011-2014. Setting: Private Institution. Methods: Patients with symptomatic internal hemorrhoid disease (grade II-III-IV). Results, Immediate and late complications and 5 years recurrence were registered. Technique used was the original description by Reis Neto. Patients with immunosuppression, additional perianal disease, previous treatment and anticoagulation were excluded. Results: There was only one session in 178 cases. Two banding were placed in 122 and 3 in 66. Symptoms were prolapse in 96, bleeding in 44 and both in 48. 139 patients were treated as only procedure. Tenesmus and light hemorrhage occurred in most cases. Moderate or late pain was registered in 7 cases, and immediate moderate bleeding in 5%. There was no severe immediate bleeding. Immediate morbidity was 2 thrombosis and 3 anal congestion. There was one moderate late bleeding at day 28 and required admission. Recurrence occurred in six cases, 5 were ligated again and 1 was treated by conventional surgery. There was none severed or unique complication or infection associated. Discussion and conclusion: Macrorubber band presented low morbidity and there are no severe complications at 5 years follow-up. Recurrence of prolapse is low and could be treated by a new session with equal morbidity. Results are equivalent and reproducible by different authors. This procedure might be the ideal treatment for hemorrhoid prolapse. (AU)

Macroligadura como tratamiento para hemorroides / Macro-ligation as a hemorrhoid treatment

Introducción: Las hemorroides constituyen una dilatación varicosa de los plexos hemorroidales que involucran la mucosa del recto y ano. Estas constituyen la enfermedad anorrectal más frecuente en el mundo occidental, con una alta prevalencia que suele representar el 50 % de las consultas con el proctólogo. Se pueden describir dos grandes grupos de hemorroides, los internos que son aquellos situados por encima de la línea pectínea y los externos que son los que se encuentran por debajo de esta línea, se tendrán en cuenta los internos. A estos últimos se los clasifica por Goligher en relación con el grado de prolapso de la mucosa rectal y la posibilidad de reducción del prolapso. Para las hemorroides grado II y III se han diseñados diferentes métodos quirúrgicos de tratamiento desde la electrocoagulación, la crioterapia, la terapia fotodinámica y RBL El presente trabajo plantea como objetivo describir nuestros resultados iniciales en el tratamiento de patología hemorroidal por medio de la técnica de macroligadura alta por aspiración RBL. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron 40 pacientes a los que se le realizo RBL, comprendidos desde el mes de octubre de 2016 a marzo de 2018, que presenten patología hemorroidal grado II III y IV, técnica de macroligadura alta por succión. Resultados: Del 63% de femenino y un 37% de masculino, la distribución por grados fue de la siguiente manera, grado 2: 75%, grado 3: 17.5% y grado 4: 7.5%, el dolor posterior al procedimiento en forma inmediata fue de 3.78±2.63, a las 48 hs 2.10±2.31 y a los 7 postquirúrgicos 1.10±1.86. Tuvimos un total de 7 (18%) pacientes con recidivas dentro de los 18 meses de seguimiento, tenesmo se presentó 27.59% en los grados 2, un 57,14% en los grados 3 y un 66,67% en los grados 4. Solo reportamos un 23% de sangrado posquirúrgico. Conclusión: Podemos afirmar que la técnica de macro ligadura alta como variante de la RBL, es una técnica segura, aplicable en forma ambulatoria, con un beneficio importante por sobre el resto de las técnicas resectivas que solo requiere una sedación para el procedimiento, con bajos umbrales de dolor postquirúrgicos, pronta recuperación y reinserción laboral; presenta bajos índices de complicaciones. Además, representa una excelente opción para el tratamiento de las hemorroides grado 2 y 3. (AU)

Introduction: Hemorrhoids are a varicose dilatation of the hemorrhoidal plexuses that involve the mucosa of the rectum and anus. These constitute the most frequent anorectal disease in the western world, with a high prevalence that usually represents 50% of consultations with the proctologist. Two large groups of hemorrhoids can be described; the internal ones that are those located above the pectineal line and the external ones that are those below this line, the internal ones will be taken into account. The latter are classified by Goligher in relation to the degree of prolapse of the rectal mucosa and the possibility of prolapse reduction. For the grade II and III hemorrhoids, different surgical methods of treatment have been designed from electrocoagulation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy and RBL. The present work aims to describe our initial results in the treatment of hemorrhoidal pathology by means of the macro-adherence technique. High by RBL aspiration. Materials and Methods: Forty patients were included, who underwent RBL, from October 2016 to March 2018, who presented grade II III and IV hemorrhoidal pathology, high suction macroligation technique. Results: Of 63% of female and 37% of male, the distribution by grades was as follows, grade 2: 75%, grade 3: 17.5% and grade 4: 7.5%, pain after the procedure immediately it was 3.78 ± 2.63, at 48 hours 2.10 ± 2.31 and at 7 postsurgical 1.10 ± 1.86. We had 7 (18%) patients with recurrences within 18 months of follow-up; tenesmo presented 27.59% in grades 2, 57.14% in grades 3 and 66.67% in grades 4. We only reported 23% of postoperative bleeding. Conclusion: We can affirm that the high macro ligature technique as a variant of the RBL is a safe technique, applicable in ambulatory form, with an important benefit over the rest of the resection techniques that only requires a sedation for the procedure, with low postoperative pain thresholds, early recovery and re-employment; It presents low rates of complications. In addition, it represents an excellent option for the treatment of grade 2 and 3 hemorrhoids. (AU)

A prospective study of efficacy and safety of rubber band ligation in the treatment of Grade II and III hemorrhoids - a western Indian experience / Estudo prospectivo da eficácia e segurança da ligadura elástica no tratamento de hemorroidas de Grau II e III - uma experiência na Índia ocidental

ABSTRACT Background: Hemorrhoids are one of the most frequent diseases of the anal region with high prevalence involving all age groups. Multiple treatment options exist with none being perfect. Rubber band ligation of hemorrhoids is a non-operative treatment which can be performed on outpatient basis. Objective: The study was undertaken to determine efficacy of banding in treatment of Grade II and III hemorrhoids and to follow-up patients treated by banding to evaluate for symptomatic relief, recurrence and complications. Study design: A prospective, interventional study with clearance from the institutional ethics committee was undertaken over the period of 2 years in a tertiary referral center with a sample size of 60. Result: Out of 60 patients, 41 patients (68.30%) had Grade II and 19 patients (31.7%) had Grade III hemorrhoids. At first follow up, success rate for Grade II hemorrhoids was 85% (35/41) as compared to 21% (4/19) in Grade III. The unsuccessful 20 patients were re-banded, however only 2 of them responded to procedure. At the end of 6 weeks, 36 patients with Grade II hemorrhoids (88%) were cured. Failure rate was higher for Grade III hemorrhoids (68.42%, n = 13). Success rate was 86.6% for single hemorrhoid. There were no major complications. Anemia reverted significantly with successful band ligation. Conclusion: Rubber band ligation is a simple, safe and effective method for treating symptomatic second and third degree hemorrhoids as an outpatient procedure. It gives better results for Grade II and single hemorrhoids. Recurrence rate after successful band ligation is low.

RESUMO Background: As hemorroidas são uma das doenças mais frequentes da região anal, com alta prevalência envolvendo todas as faixas etárias. Existem várias opções de tratamento, sendo que nenhuma é perfeita. A ligadura elástica de hemorroidas é um tratamento conservador que pode ser realizado em ambulatório. Objetivo: O estudo foi realizado para determinar a eficácia da ligadura no tratamento de hemorroidas de Grau II e III e para acompanhamento dos pacientes tratados por ligaduras para avaliar o alívio sintomático, a recorrência e as complicações. Design do estudo: Estudo prospectivo e intervencionista com liberação do comitê de ética institucional foi realizado durante o período de 2 anos em um centro de referência terciário com um tamanho de amostra de 60. Resultado: Dos 60 pacientes, 41 (68,30%) apresentaram hemorroidas de Grau II e 19 (31,7%) de Grau III. No primeiro seguimento, a taxa de sucesso para hemorroidas de grau II foi de 85% (35/41), em comparação com 21% (4/19) no Grau III. Os 20 pacientes sem sucesso foram novamente submetidos a ligadura, mas apenas 2 deles responderam ao procedimento. Ao final de 6 semanas, 36 pacientes com hemorroidas de Grau II (88%) foram curados. A taxa de falha foi maior para as hemorroidas de grau III (68,42%, n = 13). A taxa de sucesso foi de 86,6% para hemorroida única. Não houve grandes complicações. A anemia reverteu significativamente com ligadura elástica bem-sucedida. Conclusão: A ligadura elástica é um método simples, seguro e eficaz para o tratamento de hemorroidas sintomáticas de segundo e terceiro graus, como procedimento ambulatorial. Ela promove melhores resultados para hemorroidas de Grau II e únicas. A taxa de recorrência após ligadura elástica bem-sucedida é baixa.

TeleCondutas: hemorroidas / TeleGuides: hemorrhoids

Hemorroidas são coxins vasculares normais do canal anal. São formados por espaços vasculares (sinusoides), tecido elástico e conjuntivo, e músculo liso. Sua função é proteger os esfíncteres anais subjacentes e contribuir para a continência fecal. Reservamos o termo "doença hemorroidária" para quando existem sintomas relacionados à sua presença. É mais prevalente em pessoas com idade entre 45 e 65 anos, tendo como principal causa o esforço evacuatório repetitivo, que determina o estiramento do tecido de sustentação dos plexos. Constipação, esforço evacuatório prolongado e gestação são seus principais fatores de risco. Esta guia apresenta informação que orienta a conduta para casos de hemorroidas no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde, incluindo: classificação das hemorroidas, sinais e sintomas, diagnóstico, tratamento da doença hemorroidária na APS, tratamento no serviço especializado, indicação de colonoscopia e encaminhamento para serviço especializado.

High macro rubber band ligature / Macro ligadura elástica alta

PURPOSE: The goal of a rubber band ligature is to promote fibrosis of the submucosa with subsequent fixation of the anal epithelium to the underlying sphincter. Following this principle, a new technique of ligature was developed based on two aspects: 1. macro banding: to have a better fibrosis and fixation by banding a bigger volume of mucosa and 2. higher ligature: to have this fixation at the origin of the hemorrhoidal cushion displacement. METHODS: 1634 patients with internal hemorrhoidal disease grade II or III were treated by the technique called high macro rubber band. There was no distinction as to age, gender or race. To perform this technique a new hemorrhoidal device was specially designed with a larger diameter and a bigger capacity for mucosal volume aspiration. It is recommended to utilize a longer and wider anoscope to obtain a better view of the anal canal, which will facilitate the injection of submucosa higher in the anal canal and the insertion of the rubber band device. The hemorrhoidal cushion must be banded higher in the anal canal (4 cm above the pectinate line). It is preferable to treat all the hemorrhoids in one single session (maximum of three areas banded). RESULTS: The analysis was retrospective without any comparison with conventional banding. The period of evaluation extended from one to twelve years. The analysis of the results showed perianal edema in 1.6% of the patients, immediate tenesmus in 0.8%, intense pain (need for parenteral analgesia) in 1.6 %, urinary retention in 0.1% of the patients and a symptomatic recurrence rate of 4.2%. All patients with symptomatic recurrence were treated with a new session of macro rubber banding. None of the patients developed anal or rectal sepsis. Small post-ligature bleeding was observed only in 0.8% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The high macro rubber banding technique represents an alternative method for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease grades II or III, with good results at a low cost. The analysis of the observed results showed a small incidence of minor complications, with a high index of symptomatic relief. (AU)

OBJETIVO: o objetivo de uma ligadura com banda de borracha é promover a fibrose da submucosa com subsequente fixação do epitélio ao esfíncter anal subjacente. Seguindo esse princípio, uma nova técnica de ligadura foi desenvolvida baseada em dois aspectos: 1. macro bandas: para obter uma melhor fibrose e fixação ao atingir um volume maior de mucosa e 2. ligadura alta: para obter essa fixação na origem do deslocamento do coxim hemorroidal. MÉTODOS: 1634 pacientes com doença hemorroidária interna de grau II ou III foram tratados pela técnica de macro ligadura elástica alta. Não houve distinção de idade, sexo ou etnia. Para executar essa técnica, um novo dispositivo hemorroidário foi especialmente projetado com um diâmetro maior e uma maior capacidade de aspiração de volume da mucosa. Recomenda-se utilizar um anoscópio mais longo e largo para obter uma melhor vista do canal anal, o que facilitará a injeção da submucosa a nível mais alto no canal anal e a inserção do dispositivo elástico. O coxim hemorroidal deve ser ligado a um nível mais alto no canal anal (4 cm acima da linha de pectinato). É preferível o tratamento de todas as hemorróidas em uma única sessão (máximo de três zonas submetidas à ligadura). RESULTADOS: a análise foi retrospectiva, sem qualquer comparação com a ligadura convencional. O período de avaliação variou de de um a doze anos. A análise dos resultados mostrou edema perianal em 1,6% dos pacientes, tenesmo imediato em 0,8%, dor intensa (necessidade de analgesia parenteral) em 1,6%, retenção urinária em 0,1 % dos pacientes e uma taxa de recorrência sintomática de 4,2%. Todos os pacientes com recorrência sintomática foram tratados com uma nova sessão de macro ligadura elástica. Nenhum dos pacientes desenvolveu septicemia anal ou retal. Uma pequena hemorragia pós-ligadura foi observada em apenas 0,8% dos pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: a técnica de macro ligadura elástica alta representa um método alternativo para o tratamento da doença hemorroidal classe II ou III, com bons resultados a um baixo custo. A análise dos resultados observados mostrou uma pequena incidência de complicações menores, com alto índice de alívio sintomático. (AU)

Análisis y resultados de la operación de Ferguson en el tratamiento de la enfermedad hemorroidal / Analysis and results of the Ferguson procedure in the treatment of the hemorrhoidal disease

Introducción: la hemorroidectomía con técnica de Ferguson ha sido asociada a mayor preservación de la sensibilidad anal, cicatrización más rápida y menor dolor postoperatorio. Objetivo: evaluar prospectivamente los resultados obtenidos a partir de una serie de hemorroidectomías efectuadas con técnica de Ferguson. Material y Método: 220 pacientes consecutivos, operados entre agosto de 2007 y agosto de 2011, por hemorroides grado II o III con esta técnica. Se excluyeron 8, por lo que la muestra final fue de 212 pacientes. Se realizó registro prospectivo de datos. Resultados: la edad promedio de la muestra fue 40,1; de los cuales el 60,4% fueron de sexo masculino; el 97,64% presentó al examen una o más hemorroides grado II o III. El sangrado ocasional fue el síntoma más frecuente (79,7%). La hemorroidectomía sobre dos paquetes fue la más efectuada: 59,9%, siendo el paquete más resecado el medial izquierdo: 82,1%. El promedio de días de internación fue de 1,06. Entre las complicaciones postoperatorias, el sangrado se observó en un paciente (0,47%); infección en dos (0,94%); fisura anal postoperatoria en seis (2,83%). El 8,01% presentó apertura parcial del lecho o retardo en la cicatrización, tanto en el control a los 15 como a los 30 días; en el control a los 6 meses todos ellos presentaron lechos correctamente cicatrizados. No se constataron estenosis anal o ano húmedo. Sólo el 1,42% (03/212) de los pacientes no concurrió al control de los 6 meses. Conclusiones: la hemorroidectomía con técnica de Ferguson resultó un procedimiento adecuado y efectivo para el tratamiento de paquetes hemorroidales grado II o III, con un bajo índice de complicaciones postoperatorias. No hubo secuelas en el seguimiento alejado.

Background: the hemorrhoidectomy with Ferguson-Procedure has been associated with a higher preservation of anal sensitivity, faster healing and lesser postoperative pain. Objective: to assess prospectively the acquired results from a series of hemorrhoidectomies carried out after the Ferguson-Procedure. Material and Methods: 220 consecutive patients operated after Ferguson-Procedure for Hemorrhoids type II or III, between August of 2007 and August of 2011. Eight patients have been excluded; therefore the final number of patients was 212. A prospective registry of information was done. Results: the average age was 40,1; 60,4% from which corresponds to males; 97,64% of them presented one or more hemorrhoids type II or III after the examination. Occasional bleeding was the most common symptom (79,7%). The Hemorrhoidectomy on two packings was the most performed: 59,9% being the dried out left medial packing: 82,1%. The average days of patients admission was 1,06. Postoperative complications were presented in one patient for bleeding (0,47%); two for infection (0,94%) and six cases for postoperative anal fissure (2,83%). 8,01% presented partial opening of beds or healing delay at checkups not only after 15 days, but also after 30 days. During checkups after 6 months every patient showed correctly healed beds. No evidence for moist anus or anal stenosis was found. Only 1,42% (03/212) of patients did not show up for a checkup after six months. Conclusions: hemorrhoidectomy after the Ferguson-Procedure turned out to be a suitable and effective treatment for hemorrhoids packings type II or III, with a low rate for postoperative complications. No consequences appeared in a long term monitoring.

Doença hemorroidária / Hemorroidary disease

Discussão sobre a fisiopatologia, fatores etiológicos, sintomatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da doença hemorroidária.

Discussion on the pathophysiology, etiologic factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease.

Surgical complications in 2,840 cases of hemorrhoidectomy by Milligan-Morgan, Ferguson and combined techniques

The analysis of 2,840 cases of hemorrhoidectomy by open techniques of Milligan-Morgan (2,189 cases), Ferguson (341 cases) and mixed (310 cases) in 11,043 patients with hemorrhoidal disease (HD) allowed the following conclusions. The patients' acceptance of surgical indication for hemorrhoidectomy was 25.7%. Hemorrhoidectomy was more common among women (53.8%) than men (46.2%), and more accepted by women (26.5%) than men (24.8%). Hemorrhoidectomy was more common in patients of the fourth (27.7%), fifth (21.9%) and third (21.0%) decades of age. Most patients who agreed to undergo hemorrhoidectomy were those of the second (38.2%), eighth (35.9%) and ninth (34.5%) decades of age. The overall incidence of surgical complications was 3.0% (87 cases): anal stenosis (1.8%), bleeding (0.8%), worsening of anal hypotonia (0.2%), sepsis (0.1%) and systemic complications (0.1%), with no difference among the techniques used. The incidence of surgical complications by Milligan-Morgan technique was 3.0% - stenosis (1.9%), bleeding (1.9%), worsening of anal hypotonia (0.2%) and systemic complications (0.04%). The incidence of surgical complications by Ferguson's technique was 3.5% - stenosis (1.7%), bleeding (0.6%), worsening of anal hypotonia (0.6%) and sepsis (0.6%). And the incidence of surgical complications by mixed techniques was 2.5% - stenosis (1.0%), bleeding (0.3%), worsening of anal hypotonia (0.3%), sepsis (0.3%) and systemic complications (0.3%). The incidence of surgical complications according to gender was 3.0% among women and 3.2% among men, with higher incidence of stenosis in women (2.0%) and hemorrhage in men (1.1%). Surgical complications were more observed in the eighth (5.1%) and seventh (3.8%) decades of age. The incidence of anal stenosis was 1.8%, being 64.0% without hypotonia and 66.0% without anal fissure (66.0%), with annular stenosis as the most common anatomical shape (70.0%). Anal stenosis was more common among women (2.0%) presenting mean age of 38.2 years, with no relation to age decades. The most common technique for anal stenosis was single anotomy without sphincterotomy (46.0%). All cases of anal bleeding had surgical ligation of all hemorrhoidal pedicles, no matter if the bleeding site was found or not. (AU)

O seguimento de uma casuística de 2.840 hemorroidectomias pelas técnicas de Milligan-Morgan (2.189 casos), Ferguson (341 casos) e mista (310 casos) em 11.043 pacientes portadores de doença hemorroidária (DH) permitiu as seguintes conclusões. A aceitação da indicação cirúrgica para doença hemorroidária (DH), pelos pacientes, foi de 25,7%. A doença hemorroidária (DH) foi mais comum entre mulheres (53,8%) que em homens (46,2%) e a hemorroidectomia foi mais aceita pelas mulheres (26,5%) que pelos homens (24,8%). A hemorroidectomia foi mais realizada em pacientes de quarta (27,7%), quinta (21,9%) e terceira (21,0%) décadas etárias. Os pacientes que mais aceitaram a indicação cirúrgica foram os da segunda (38,2%), oitava (35,9%) e nona (34,5%) décadas etárias. A incidência global de complicações cirúrgicas foi de 3,0% (87 casos): estenose anal (1,8%), hemorragia grave (0,8%), agravamento da hipotonia anal (0,2%), sepse (0,1%) e sistêmicas (0,1%), sem diferença entre as técnicas usadas. A incidência de complicações cirúrgicas pela técnica de Milligan-Morgan foi de 3,0%: estenose (1,9%), hemorragia grave (1,9%), agravamento da hipotonia anal (0,2%) e sistêmicas (0,04%). A incidência de complicações cirúrgicas pela técnica de Ferguson foi de 3,5%: estenose (1,7%), hemorragia grave (0,6%), agravamento da hipotonia anal (0,6%) e sepse (0,6%). A incidência de complicações cirúrgicas pela técnica mista foi de 2,5%: estenose (1,0%), hemorragia grave (0,3%), agravamento da hipotonia anal (0,3%), sepse (0,3%) e sistêmicas (0,3%). A incidência de complicações cirúrgicas pelos gêneros foi de 3,0% entre as mulheres e 3,2% entre os homens, com maior incidência de estenose nas mulheres (2,0%) e hemorragia nos homens (1,1%). As décadas em que mais ocorreram complicações foram a oitava (5,1%) e a sétima (3,8%). A incidência de estenose anal foi de 1,8%, prevalecendo sem hipertonia anal (64,0%) e com fissura anal (66,0%), sendo a forma anatômica mais comum a anular (70,0%); foi mais comum entre mulheres (2,0%) com idade média de 38,2 anos, sem relação com as décadas etárias. A cirurgia corretiva da estenose anal mais usada foi a anotomia simples ou com fissurectomia sem esfincterotomia (46,0%). Em todos os casos de hemorragia anal cirúrgica foi feita ligadura de todos os pedículos da ressecção hemorroidária, independentemente de se encontrar ou não o local da hemorragia. (AU)

Urgencias proctológicas / Proctology emergencies

Las urgencias proctológicas son una causa frecuente de consulta en Servicios de Urgencia. Para los pacientes este tipo de problemas implican, además de los propios síntomas, en muchos casos pudor o vergüenza, lo cual puede redundar en una consulta tardía en relación al inicio del cuadro clínico. Para el médico de urgencia es un desafío poder determinar de forma clara el diagnóstico y el tratamiento adecuado, así como la necesidad de hospitalizar o indicar la consulta por un especialista. Es por esto que se hace necesario el poseer los conocimientos básicos para el diagnóstico y el manejo inicial de las patologías más frecuentes tales como el dolor anal, sangrado vía anal o aumento de volumen en la zona perianal. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar las bases para un adecuado diagnóstico y manejo de las patologías proctológicas que más frecuentemente requieren una atención de urgencia.

Proctologic emergencies are a frequent cause of consultation in the emergency room. For these patients, such problems involve not only a physical discomfort or pain, but also shame in many cases, which can result in a late consultation in relation of the onset of symptoms. These problems are a chellenge, in order to perform an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Like wise it is necessary to determine the need for hospitalization or evaluation by a specialist. This is why it is necessary to have the basic knowledge and skills for diagnosis and initial management of most common diseases such as anal pain, rectal bleeding or increased volume in the perianal area. The aim of this review is to provide the basis for a proper diagnosis and management of proctologic pathologies most frequently evaluated in an emergency room.

Tratamento da doença hemorroidária com ligadura elástica: estudo prospectivo com 59 pacientes / Rubber band ligation for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease: prospective study with 59 patients

A ligadura elástica (LE) é considerada um método minimamente invasivo para o tratamento da doença hemorroidária (DH) e apresenta vantagens em relação à hemorroidectomia, como: simplicidade de execução e realização ambulatorial sem o emprego de anestesia. Trata-se de um método eficaz, principalmente nos portadores de DH grau II. Porém, apresenta complicações, sendo as mais frequentes: dor, tenesmo, hematoquezia e retenção urinária. Alguns trabalhos mostram complicações mais graves, como sangramentos vultosos que necessitaram de hemotransfusão. Assim, este trabalho avaliou a eficácia e a morbidade do tratamento da DH pelo método da LE. Foi um estudo prospectivo, com 59 pacientes. Destes, cinco (8,5 por cento) eram portadores de DH grau I, 33 (55,9 por cento) de DH grau II e 21 (35,6 por cento) de DH grau III. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos pelo menos a duas sessões. Nas 135 sessões realizadas, encontramos: hematoquezia em 62 (45,9 por cento), dor intensa em 39 (28,9 por cento), sintomas vagais em 10 (7,4 por cento) e pseudoestrangulamento em um (0,7 por cento) sessão. A taxa de cura do prolapso hemorroidário entre os portadores de DH grau II foi de 87,9 por cento e entre aqueles com DH grau III, de 76,2 por cento. O tratamento da DH pelo método da ligadura elástica mostrou-se seguro e com boa taxa de cura.

Rubber band ligation (RB) is considered a minimally invasive method for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease (HD) and has advantages in relation to hemorrhoidectomy whereby: simplicity of execution, outpatient realization and no need of anesthesia. It is an effective method, especially in the HD grade II. However, shows complications, and the most frequents are: anal pain, tenesmus, hematochezia and urinary retention. Some studies have shown severe complications as major bleeding that needs blood transfusion. Thus, this study evaluated the effectiveness and the morbidity of the treatment of HD by the method of RB. It was a prospective study with 59 patients. Five (8,5 percent) patients had HD graded in the first degree, 33 (55,9 percent) in the second degree and 21 (35,6 percent) in the third. All patients were submitted to at least two sessions. In the 135 sessions performed, we found: hematochezia in 62 (45.9 percent), severe pain in 39 (28.9 percent), vagal symptoms in 10 (7.4 percent) and pseudostrangulation in 1 (0.7 percent) session. The cure rate of hemorrhoidal prolapse among patients with HD grade II was 87.9 percent and among those with HD grade III, 76.2 percent. The treatment of HD by the method of RB proved to be safe and with good cure rate.

Procedimiento para hemorroides con prolapso de mucosa: técnica de Longo: reporte preliminar / Procedure for hemorrhoids with mucosal prolapse: Longo's tecnique: preliminary report

La hemorroidectomía es una excelente técnica para el tratamiento de las hemorroides grado III y IV pero va asociada invariablemente a dolor postoperatorio. La mucosectomía con stapler circular- procedimiento para prolapso y hemorroides- (PPH) ha demostrado menor dolor y recuperación más rápida. No se ha encontrado reportes de la técnica en nuestro país. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del PPH en pacientes portadores de hemorroides grado III y IV con prolapso de mucosa rectal. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo tipo serie de casos de pacientes operados de hemorroides grado III - IV con prolapso de mucosa rectal, entre diciembre de 1998 hasta diciembre 2007 en el Hospital de Emergencias Grau - EsSalud, Hospital G. Almenara I. - EsSalud y Clínica SanBorja. Resultados: Se estudiaron 18 pacientes (13 hombres, 5 mujeres). La hospitalización promedio fue de 1,2 días. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 17,5 minutos. El 94,4% de los pacientes no refirió dolor o éste fue leve. Un paciente presentó sangrado postoperatorio importante a nivel de la línea de grapas que prolongó su hospitalización, una paciente presentó dolor intenso y una paciente presentó una fístula rectovaginal. Conclusiones: La técnica de PPH es efectiva para tratar la sintomatología de las hemorroides grado III y IV con prolapso mucoso a corto y mediano plazo.

The hemorrhoidectomy is an excellent technique for the treatment of grade III and IV hemorrhoids but it is invariably associated to postoperative pain. Mucosectomy with circular stapler- procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids-(PPH) has shown lower figures for pain and faster recovery. We haven't found published reports of this techniquein our country. Objectives: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of the PPH technique in patients of grade III and IV hemorrhoids with mucosal prolapse. Material and methods: Retrospective study, case series type of patients operated on for Grade III - IV hemorrhoids with rectal mucosal prolapse were retrospectively analyzed, from December 1998 until December 2007 at Hospital de Emergencias Grau - EsSalud, Hospital G. Almenara I. - EsSalud and Clínica San Borja. Results: We studied 18 patients (13 men, 5 women). The average hospital stay was 1.2 days. The average operative time was 17.5 minutes. 94.4% of patients referred no pain or this was mild. One patient had significant postoperative bleeding at the stapled line that extended his hospitalization, one patient developed severe pain and another patient presented a rectovaginal fistula. Conclusion: PPH technique is effective in treating symptoms of grade III and IV hemorrhoids with mucosal prolapse at least in the short and medium term.

Como o coloproctologista brasileiro vê a doença hemorroidária: análise de dados colhidos de questionário dirigido aos especialistas filiados à sociedade brasileira de coloproctologia / How Brazilian coloproctologists see hemorrhoidal diseases: analysis of data collected from a questionnaire answered by specialists members of the Brazilian society od coloproctology

A análise das 52 respostas dadas pelos 77 especialistas ao questionário permite as seguintes conclusões: EPIDEMIOLOGIA: A média temporária de exercício profissional foi 18,6 anos; os 77 especialistas atenderam ± 1.097.860 pacientes, tendo diagnosticado DH em ± 393.763 (35,86 por cento), tendo operado ± 102.400 pacientes (± 26 por cento). A média aproximada de incidência de DH por gênero foi de 42 por cento em homens e 58 por cento em mulheres, e de hemorroidectomia de 43 por cento em homens e 57 por cento em mulheres, sendo as incidências de DH por faixas etárias: até 20 anos, 7 por cento; de 21 a 40 anos, 40 por cento; de 41 a 60 anos, 40 por cento; e acima de 60 anos,13 por cento. TRATAMENTO CLÍNICO E NÃO INTERVENCIONISTA: o tratamento clínico foi dispensado a ± 291.363, e ± 81,5 por cento foram tratados com cuidados higiêno-dietéticos, pomadas e cremes. O tratamento intervencionista não cirúrgico de escolha foi a LE (94,0 por cento dos especialistas), mais indicada em DH interna grau II (85,2 por cento), com preferência de abordagem de um mamilo por sessão (74,1 por cento), e preferência pela não realização de plicomectomia (67,1 por cento), sendo os graus de satisfação ótimos e bons de 91 por cento. A LE foi feita em ± 48.273 pacientes (12,50 por cento), tendo a maioria (42 médicos; 53,95 por cento) negado complicações, destacando-se, dentre os que admitiram complicações, 69 casos de hemorragia que levaram à revisão (0,142 por cento de 48.273 LE). HEMORROIDECTOMIA: a média anual foi de ± 80,34 cirurgias, totalizando 102.400, sendo a principal indicação cirúrgica a intensidade de sintomas independentemente do grau da DH (64,47 por cento), com preferência pela técnica aberta de Milligan-Morgan (65,79 por cento) seguida pela fechada de Ferguson (21,05 por cento). A preferência anestésica absoluta foi pelos bloqueios raqueano (52,63 por cento) e peridural (26,32 por cento), os posicionamentos preferidos foram em canivete (44,73 por cento)...

Analysis of a questionnaire with 52 questions about hemorrhoidal disease (HD) answered by 77 Brazilian specialists allowed the following conclusions: EPIDEMIOLOGY: The meantime of medical practice was 18.6 years; the 77 specialists attended ± 1,097.860 patients, HD being diagnosed in ± 393,763 (35.86 percent), and ± 102,400 patients (± 26 percent) undergoing surgical treatment. The approximate incidence by gender of HD was 42 percent in men and 58 percent in women, and the incidence of surgery 43 percent in males and 57 percent in females. The incidences of HD according to age were: 7 percent under 20 years, 40 percent between 21 and40 years, 40 percent between 41 and 60 years and 13 percent above 60 years of age. CLINICAL AND NON SURGICAL TREATMENT: clinical approach for HD was carried out in ± 291.363 patients. The non surgical treatment of choice was rubber band ligation (94,0 percent of the specialists), mainly for second grade internal hemorrhoids (85.2 percent), being the most common procedure the approach of a single ligation by each session (74.1 percent), without plicomectomy (67.1 percent). Satisfaction grade reached 91.0 percent (good and optimal). Rubber band ligation was used in ± 48,273 patients (12.50 percent), no complication being reported by most of the specialists (42 specialists, 53.95 percent), being hemorrhage the most common complication (69 cases, 0.142 percent of 48,273 ligations). HEMORRHOIDECTOMY: 102,400 hemorrhoidectomies were performed by the 77 specialists, being the intensity of anal symptoms the main indication for surgery despite of the grade of the HD (64.47 percent). Open hemorrhoidectomy (Milligan-Morgan) was the most used technique (65.79 percent) followed by closed hemorrhoidectomy (Ferguson) (21.05 percent). The most used anesthesia were spinal blocks, being 52.63 percent of raquianesthesia and 26.32 percent of peridural anesthesia. Knife position was the number one in preference (44.73 percent)...

Hemorróidas / Hemorrhoids

Este artigo tem o objetivo de abordar o tema doença hemorroidária em um aspecto geral e principalmente apresentar as diversas formas de tratamento realizadas atualmente, tanto conservados quanto cirúrgico, e suas indicações.